My American Dream Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing Essays

American Dream: what is your definition of it? Does it involve money? Does it involve love? Does it involve healthiness? People have different definitions of what they would want in their "American Dream." First of all, let's define American Dream. American Dream is what you would consider a "perfect life." It can be full of happiness, money, love, food, cars, whatever you desire; everyone has a different opinion. One person?s American Dream may be totally different from someone else?s; that is what makes us all individuals. Robert Wuthnow writes about different people?s American Dream in his essay "Having It All." Throughout Wuthnow's essay, it seems that not too many people are truly living out their American Dream. Many complain about having to work to much, not enough time with the family, not enough pay, and so on. My American Dream would include a good job and lots of money, spare time for my family and I, and most importantly, healthiness. First, money is very important in my American Dream for obvious reasons. Money gets you food. Money gets you shelter. Money gets you nice things. I believe that money, lots of money, is a big part of everyone?s American Dream; everyone including myself. When most people think of money the first thing that comes to mind is luxuries; however, money is needed for the bare necessities such as food and shelter. But how do you acquire money? Through a good job of course. Having an enjoyable, good paying job is extremely important. I am a firm believer that if you enjoy what you do, you do not have a job, you have a career. Many Americans also include jobs and money in their American Dream: ?Throughout much of our nation?s history people pursued the American Dream by... ..., many people think about having millions and millions of dollars; however, they fail to consider the little things that can truly make you happy. Little things such as family and friends, and most importantly, good mental as well as physical health. If you are healthy but live in poverty, you are not truly living your American Dream. If you are a millionaire but are dying from a disease, you are not truly living your American Dream. So what exactly does it take to live a ?perfect life?? That is a question that has no right or wrong answer; it simply depends on whom you are asking. Enjoyable job, plenty of money, spare time, and healthiness define my American Dream; what is the definition of yours? Works Cited Goshgarian, Gary. The Contemporary Reader. 6th ed. New York: Longman, 1999. Wuthnow, Robert. ?Having It All.? Goshgarian 498-504.

How Issues Are Affected By the Political Spectrum

On April 30, 1789, the United States of America elected our first president to lead our country. Then every four years thereafter, another president is elected. When election time comes around most Americans do not know anything about the issues involved and/or do not even know who is running. The two current candidates this year are Al Gore, the Democrat, and George Bush, the Republican. Three main issues that both parties deal with are Social Security, Tax Reform, and Education. Depending on each candidate†s political platform, they can be placed approximately on the political spectrum. Knowing where a candidate stands on the political spectrum, you can assume how he would feel on certain issues. Social Security is a huge issue this year because many citizens are concerned that they are paying the social security tax, but with the current plan, the money will run out by the time they get old enough to use it. Al Gore plans on taking social security and putting it aside and adding the interest gained to it which in his words, â€Å"I will keep it in a lockbox. The interest savings, I would put right back into it. That extends the life for 55 years† (Issues2000. om). Gore†s plan relates to the liberal side of the political spectrum. Normally most liberals believe in more government involvement and less big corporations. He is saying that the social security tax will go into a â€Å"lockbox† and no money will be taken out of it leaving it all to the government. â€Å"Today liberals view government as protecting individuals from being abused by a variety of governmental and nongovernmental forces, such as market vagaries, business decisions, and discriminatory practices† (Burns 243). This leads into why George Bush is a conservative. He plans on taking social security and putting it into the hands of our citizens and allowing them to invest their money in stocks. Bush wants to take the money out of the government†s hands and put it in the individual†s hands. â€Å"†¦ I†m going to trust [young workers] at their option to be able to manage, under certain guidelines, some of their money to get a better rate of return so that they†ll have a retirement plan in the future†¦ † (issues2000. com). Basically he is trying allow the â€Å"young workers† to control their social security rather than the government. This issue shows how two different sides of the political spectrum can affect the way they attack a problem. Tax Reform is another issue where both candidates differ greatly. Al Gore believes there should be a tax cut for the lower class and middle class families, but not for the wealthy class. This is true for a normal liberal to say. They believe the government should help those who are in need and leave those who don†t alone. â€Å"Liberals†¦ prefer that government take care of the weak, for the strong can nearly always take care of themselves† (Burns 244). With Gore†s plan, the typical family†s taxes would be the lowest in fifty years. This is definitely taking care of the weak part of society, the typical family. Bush, on the other hand, says he wants a tax cut for everyone. He believes everyone should deserve a tax relief, not just the middle class. This sounds good, but really the biggest cut would be in the upper class, who really do not need a tax cut. This just shows how Bush is being conservative by helping the big businesses, which make up most of the upper class. â€Å"Traditional conservatives, in the name of freedom, are emphatically pro-business† (248). Each candidate tries to show why their tax reform plans are better, but it just comes down to how each candidate relates to the political spectrum. Another big issue this year is Education. Both candidates feel differently about this issue. Al Gore believes that students who attend a failing school would be allowed to go to better school until that school is reopened under new management. He also says that schools that are doing poorly in student achievement would be given a fund to help them improve. Any progressing school would be given financial awards to help them strive to become better. This is considered a liberal view because he is saying that any weak school will be helped out by the government. In addition, he is supporting the improvement of some schools that are not meeting the standards. George Bush agrees somewhat, but he believes that if a school is failing, they have three years to fix the problems. If they don†t, they will be shut down and are demanded to give some money towards sending the students to other schools. He also says he would require testing be done every year. The schools that improve would get a bonus while the schools that are failing would lose some federal funds (English handout). Conservatives are also inclined to believe that those who fail in life are in some way the architects of their own misfortune and thus must bear the main responsibility for solving their own problems† (Burns 247). He is conservative by saying that the responsibility of failing schools is to fix the problems themselves. Some parts of this issue, education, Gore and Bush agree on but for the most part, they are like on two different sides of the political spectrum. Knowing where the candidate is located on the political spectrum, each issue can be related to how the candidate feels. Even though there are many issues a soon-to-be president has to discuss, there are definitely three main issues that affect everyone somehow. They all show a definite side of the political platform by each candidate. Each candidate†s side was relating to one side of the political spectrum such, as Democrats tend to be liberal, while Republicans are considered conservative. Referring back to the first paragraph, maybe we should model after our ancestors back when majority of our citizens actually cared about who was running and how they felt on the issues.

Choosing A Career Field Is One Of Life s Most Important...

Choosing a career field is one of life’s most important and difficult decisions. But knowing what your expectations are and then comparing them to the realities will help you make educated decisions. Change is an unstoppable process and the fastest change in today’s world is in the field of business. Businesses have to be prepared to adopt any change that takes place. That’s why I choose business Management/Law as my career field because my family already own businesses like hotels and convenience stores. The main reason I choose this as my career field is because there are a lots of great opportunities available for people with business management/law degrees. Creating and running a successful business has always been a challenge where only the strong can survive and in the world of modern business with new advance technology managers or owners need good knowledge to top hard training with serious set of skills. My parents always told me as successful business o wners that to be successful in running your own business you need to have more than just talent. You must have access to ocean full of resources which will help you in making your business successful in the long run. For that you need the proper training and knowledge that will help you select the right place of resources whether it is your career, job, or business you own. This can be achieved by having a degree in business management/law. Another reason I choose this major that it will also get you thinking aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Life of a Pediatrician1068 Words   |  5 PagesChoosing a career is more of a personal decision. Most pediatricians say they love and want to help children and young adults, including their families. Being a Pediatrician is a wonderful way to help children in ways most people can not. Many people say this job is very difficult to handle because it can get stressful. They say there is not much room for personal time or family time, but in the end it ca n be quite rewarding. Some say this job is easy, but they don’t live the life of a pediatricianRead MoreHow Did The Case Study Person Implement Any Plan?1605 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstood his skills, interests, etc. before choosing his career. ïÆ' ¼ Secondly, he concentrated on his goal and took coaching how to achieve it, collected knowledge about that particular goal and learned about all the related information. He did voluntarily jobs to learn cooking as in professional way. ïÆ' ¼ After learning each and every corner of his cooking he was full of confident and chooses it as a successful career plan and also implement on it. 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Dental Hygiene has been top of the list since I was a younger child. I was one of those children who loved going to the dentist. I was always intrigued by what was going on in the dentist office, whether it be the dentist, dental hygienist, or dental assistant. Becoming a young adult and noticing the appearance ofRead MoreThe United States Army For Eight Years1673 Words   |  7 Pagespicking a career, this can be complicated and sometimes even complex. When someone has finally chosen a career field, this just means that thy have decided that they have finally figured out what it is that they want to do in their life. It also means that they figured out that this career is something that they love and see their self-doing for a while, and it will be able to provide them with a comfortable lifestyle. However, I would have to say that is not what happened for me. The career I had chosenRead MoreNursing Leadership At Memorial Miramar Hospital1484 Words   |  6 PagesGessy Targete-Johnson, who is currently the Director of Nursing Family Birthplace at Memorial Miramar Hospital. I decided to conduct my interview on her, due to the fact that this is a career goal I wish to accomplish. She has been in the Nursing Field for over 25 years. Gessy decided to enter the nursing field because, she has compassion for others and she wanted to make a difference in lives. She started out as a Labor Delivery Nurse in 1991, she later went on to pursue her Bachelor’s DegreeRead MoreNursing Leadership At Memorial Miramar Hospital1485 Words   |  6 PagesGessy Targete-Johnson, who is currently the Director of Nursing Family Birthplace at Memorial Miramar Hospital. I decided to conduct my interview with her, due to the fact that this is a career goal I wish to accomplish. She has been in the Nursing Field for over 25 years. Gessy decided to enter the nursing field because, she has compassion for others and she wanted to make a difference in lives. She started out as a Labor Delivery Nurse in 1991, she later went on to pursue her Bachelor’s Degree

Questions On Lesson Construction Template - 1111 Words

Lesson Construction Template ELA8_SB_U5_L8 Introduction and Objective Plan, plan and plan some more. That’s basically what a good writer has to do. Along with deciding on a purpose and genre, a writer has to consider who will be reading the piece and how he will present the main idea. When you write an essay or paper, you too must think about these things. Link: https://pixabay.com/static/uploads/photo/2015/07/10/13/59/leave-839225_640.jpg Today s lesson objective is: Students will identify and introduce the topic for the intended audience. Think about this for a minute. When you have to write a paper, how do you choose a topic? Sometimes a topic is given by a teacher, but other times you may be able to choose from a list or†¦show more content†¦In this case, Tim’s audience is his brother. When planning what he’ll say, Tim has to think a little like his brother. He’s going to have, what feels like, an informal conversation – a chat. He’s going to tell his brother how he will benefit from fronting some money for the game. It might go into the conversation something like this: Knowing your audience when you write is extremely important. It affects your topic and how you present the information, right down to the words you use. Let’s say Tim, who works at a pizza shop a few evenings and weekends, needs to request a Saturday off for a soccer tournament. He has to leave a note for his boss. Now, is Tim going to write this request the same way he pitched the video game purchase to his brother? No way! This man is his boss. He’s an authority figure. Tim is going to be more formal, less conversational. If Tim tried requesting that day off in the same way he speaks to his brother, or even his friends, his boss likely would be annoyed and not even consider the request. He wouldn’t have spoken to his brother so formally. By knowing his audience, Tim’s conversation with his brother and letter to his boss fit the situations. Let’s see how well you know an audience. ELA8_B_5_8_ACT_1 Link: https://pixabay.com/static/uploads/photo/2015/05/15/14/21/books-768426_640.jpg When you have to write, the majority of the time a teacher will assign you a

Statement of Purpose for a Masters Degree in Computer...

My decision to undertake a master’s degree stems from my aspiration to have greater knowledge about Computer Science, an avid interest in the field of Software Engineering and a stimulating research environment present at the University of Pennsylvania. By pursuing a graduate degree, I will be able to strengthen my knowledge base and also further my career prospects. One of the greatest discoveries in the past few decades has been the Internet. It has revolutionised how we live, made distance an irrelevant factor and turned the world into a global village. When I was young, my use of internet was limited to text chats and browsing for academic research. Over time, I have seen internet evolve - from a static interconnection of web pages to the complex entity that it is today. A desire to contribute to this ever expanding information highway led me to choose Information Technology as my major in my undergraduate studies. The rapid evolution in computer systems - both at hardware software levels has allowed us to develop complex applications composed of millions of lines of code. This increase in complexity of software has necessitated that software developers ensure programs be of high quality, be developed within time meet its specification. It was during college that I developed an interest in Software Engineering as a scientific discipline of developing applications. I became aware of the different software development methodologies and the various stages inShow MoreRelatedStatement of Purpose to Pursue My Masters Degree in Computer Science750 Words   |  3 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE I completed my bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Anna University, a premier University in India. There is a saying, which says, â€Å"The only thing permanent in life is change†. This perfectly holds true in the world of Computer Engineering where novel ideas are not a novelty. 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Mass Media Today Free Essays

string(49) " amounts to the average level of previous years\." Reporting the privacy of celebrities 2. Is it better to report more good/positive news or news about disasters or accidents in the media? 3. Should media serve the public or the government? 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now Advertisement exert more positive impact or negative ones? 5. Which media method(s) should be highly expanded? Why? 6. Besides the common media methods, what new approaches can you suggest? Mass Media Today Transient transparent THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA The term mass media refers to the channels of communication (media) that exist to reach a large public audience (the mass of the population).Mass media includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and more recently, the Internet. It (informs people about events that they would otherwise know little about. Mass media communication is usually rapid, because the media will report an important event as quickly as possible after it happens. In fact, some television reporting is live /laiv/ ; that is, the viewers can see the events as they happen. (It is also transient; that is, the focus on one event doesn’t last long. This is captured in the expression â€Å"there is nothing as old as yesterday’s news. † How to define:Lower-carbon release refers to †¦the emission with a lowered level of carbon carbon –dioxide. Lower-carbon release means that the emission is of a lowered level of carbon carbon –dioxide. Lower-carbon release stands for the emission with a lowered level of carbon monoxide or carbon –dioxide. Friendship refers to mutual understanding, assisting, encouraging and sharing. Selfishness Selflessness stands for sharing, giving and tolerating. Protecting the celebrities’ privacy means not to publicize their personal affairs without permission. Include ( a way of raising examplesInclude v ((Exclude v. Including prep. ( like , such as, for instance/example Inclusive adj. +ly Exclusive adj. +lyextraordinary, outstanding, only Inform sb. Of/about sth. =tell sb. Sth. The weather forecast reported /informed people of /about the possibility of a sand storm. The earthquake institute did not inform people in YUSHU about the possibility of the disaster. The government, through the media, informs the public/mass about the updated laws, decrees and regulations. The government informs the public/mass about the updated laws, decrees and regulations by/via the media. People adopt a variety of approaches to dispose the wastes in order to protect the environment. People, in order to protect the environment, adopt a variety of approaches to dispose the wastes. In order to protect the environment, people adopt a variety of approaches to dispose the wastes. Focus (v. ) on — the center/concentrate on The Chinese Football Administration is focusing on eradicating the corruption in this field. The focus of the public discussion is how to improve people’s living standard with the increase of the comprehensive national competence.The focus of public discussion has moved from lowering tax to how to shorten the As (adj. /adv. )†¦ as†¦ Adj. /adv /†¦ TIMES as much as†¦ The rate of China’s economic development in 2009 is THREE TIMES as much as that of 1979. The rate of China’s economic development is same as much as that of USA. difference between the poor and rich. Be exposed to sth. With the exposure to†¦sth. With the exposure to the sun, the skin is easy to get brown. The skin is easy to get bronze when it is exposed to the sun. With the exposure to the media, the celebrities are more likely to feel the loss of security.The celebrities are more likely to feel the loss of security when they are exposed to the media. With the exposure to the son without the protection of ozone layer, the temperature of the earth is easy to grow considerably. (? /? ) The population of China reached the summit of 1. 3 billion. The population of India peaked at 1. 6 billion. The population of India arrived at the peak of 1. 6 billion. The population of India hit the peak at 1. 6 billion in 2009, and then declined dramatically. The population of India remained/maintained at the plateau of 1. billion. The mass media is an important part of life in the United States and most Americans are exposed to the media daily in the Ell in of print, sound waves, and pictures. Over 55 million newspapers are circulated each day. There are over five radios per household, and it is estimated that radio reaches 77 percent of people over the age of 12 every day. The radio listening time for those over 12 is more than three hours each day. Most households also have two or more television sets, with a total viewing time of about seven hours per day.The amount of time that people spend in front of their television sets varies with age, gender, and education, but on average it amounts to three to four hours a day. The amount of the exhausted gas of the new type should be limited within 1. 4L. The birth rate of infants amounts to 12 percent. 1. Expose sth. To sb. /sth. ’ 2. Sth. Be exposed to sth’. /sb. 3. With the exposure to sth. ’, Sth†¦. . It is easier for people to turn brown when they expose their faces to the sunlight straightly. It is easier for people to turn brown when their faces are exposed to the sunlight straightly.With the exposure to the sunlight straightly, people’s faces are easier to get/turn brown. Circle n. Circulate v. ==recycle/reuse/reapply We should try/strike to circulate different resources including paper, water, cloth and so forth. We can circulate water by cleaning vegetables, clearing mops and washing toilet/sanitary. We have a variety of methods/measures to save energy, such as circulating water and recycling wastes. Household family/sth. About family Eg. Not only should housewives do household chores but also their husbands should be of some help. Vary==differ/be different from†¦ v.Vary with†¦. Eg. People’s clothes styles vary with their ages, weather, nationalities and fashions. Students’ decisions vary with their own interests, their parents’ preferences and their destination countries. Amount==quantity n. Amount to==reach v. The amount of yearly income of an employee in China amounts to over 10,000 US dollars. The amount of rainfall in southwest China amounts to the average level of previous years. You read "Mass Media Today" in category "Papers" While most of us make use of some form of the media on a daily basis, we may not think about the functions or purposes the media serves in our society.One important function is entertainment. On television, in particular, the variety of entertainment programs is extensive, ranging from soap operas, to comedy, to talk shows, to sports. Even advertising, where the main purpose is to sell things to the public, may sometimes be seen as entertainment. Make use of sth. / (make full/sufficient use of sth. We have to make full use of time for better score. We have to make full use of people’s cooperation to overcome the difficulties. On a daily/week basis/ ==every day/week E. g. : We do volunteer work in the nurse house on a week basis.Sufficient preview and review are encouraged on a daily basis. We have 24 hours of teaching on a weekly basis. We have 600 hours of teaching on a term basis. Function==role Play an important function/role in †¦. Serve an important function Inventions play an important function in enhancing ( pushing forward) the society. Circulating the energy can play a function in preserving environment. Purpose == aim /goal/target On purpose=deliberately The defending party offended on purpose. We have to shed light on the purpose of studying abroad. In particular =particularlyParticular=special =unique==distinctive Particularly =especially=uniquely the variety of entertainment programs is extensive, ranging from soap operas, to comedy, to talk shows, to sports. Even advertising, where the main purpose is to sell things to the public, may sometimes be seen as entertainment. the variety of high-tech products is extensive, ranging from cell phones, to televisions, to computers, to electric appliances. Even televisions, where the main purpose is to entertain the public/audience, may sometimes be seen as a symbol of the advancement of technology.The variety of physical exercises is extensive, ranging from walking, to jogging, to swimming, to playing basketball. Even walking, where the main purpose is to help people to digest, may sometimes be seen as one of the mot important ways of exercising. The variety of interests is extensive, ranging from reading novels, to listening to the music, to watching movies, to playing sports and to sleeping. Even sleeping , where the main purpose is to help people to rest, may sometimes be seen as one of the mot important ways of relaxing. Media plays various and distinctive functions in social life. One important function can be entertainment. x3 Another role/function seems to be education. x3 A further function of the mass media appears to be that of socialization x3 Another function is education. A quick look through a television or radio guide will reveal many programs with an educational focus. These include documentaries on a wide range of topics such as animal behavior, geography, history, or art. They also include a wide variety of instructional programs such as cooking, home decorating, or investing.Some children’s programs are also educational, teaching children to count or recognize words, or introducing them to different societies and cultures. TV programs: documentary, drama, tragedy, comedy, talk show, catastrophe, fiction, love, action/marshal / A wide range of sth. —a great/wide variety of sth. = a wide assortment of sth. = all sorts/kinds of †¦ Pre-caution—measures taken before the occurrence Protection Prevent Approach v. Intermittent ( internal The media can provide important community information in the form of warnings. For example, the media can warn of the danger of an approaching /coming hurricane or tornado.These warnings provide up-to-the-minute/update/latest information on the location of the bad weather and alert people to take the necessary precautions. Without such warnings there would be a greater danger of loss of life and property. Warnings may also be given for other hazards such as air or water pollution. Periodically/ intermittently , the media raises questions about water quality, suggesting that the water we drink is not safe. How much these water scares are motivated/encouraged/ pushed ahead by commercial interests is unknown. However, bottled water is a 2-billion-dollar business and growing.In the form of Please submit your application in a written form. Warn sb. Of sth. The broadcast warned people of the earthquake before it occurred. Approach (method, way, measure ( move, come (to get close to Up-to-date Out-of-date up-to-the-minute alert—awaken Take the necessary precautions Take effective actions to do sth. Take effective precautions against sth. ** Danger/disaster /hazard/catastrophe/ n. Catastrophic =dangerous=disastrous adj. bottled water(canned food(canned beverage(bowled noodle plated rice instant noodle-instant coffee in addition to + n. ==besides, besides vs . xcept/except for In addition to[=besides] industry, real estate is of great importance as well. Except for me, nobody is able to fulfill the task. Shape v. to develop sb. In the form of †¦ Teenagers are encouraged to shape both their beliefs and behaviors currently. Develop into †¦ A man should shape their brevity so as to become the supporting strength. Socialize sb. Into†¦ I tend to socialize myself into a well-behaved, better-educated and brilliantly-dressed gentleman. Deliberately—on purpose That car deliberately ran over the grassland. Propaganda/ propagandize Amazing—fantastic –crazy Alien—of a foreign †¦Alienation In response to†¦ == as a reaction to sth. /sb. China promised to reduce her emission of carbon dioxide by 40 percent by 2020 in response to UN’s appeal. Circumstance==condition=situation It is really difficult to realize conducting electricity under the circumstance of super low temperature. In addition to these functions, the media has an important role in shaping our beliefs. Sometimes information contained in the media is deliberately presented in such a way that it encourages us to believe certain things or to form certain opinions. This practice is referred to as propaganda.When we think of propaganda, we usually think of political forces, but commercial interests may also use the media to propagandize. Advertisements, for example, encourage us to believe that certain products will change our lives in amazing ways. The media can also influence what we believe is possible. For example, 43 percent of American adults believe that UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) may be space vehicles from another planet, and most Americans think that alien visitors would be like E. T. from the movie by Steven Spielberg. TV and movies are likely to be responsible for these views (Miller 1987).A further function of the mass media is that of socialization. This is 7 the process by which a society transmits cultural values about what is appropriate behavior to its members. People may be socialized into behaving in certain ways in response to a personal problem, because they have frequently seen others on the news or in soap operas behaving that way in similar circumstances. Finally, for some people the media offers companionship/friendship. Television personalities and talk show hosts may be seen as â€Å"friends† by their viewers, particularly if those viewers are socially isolated, aged or invalid, and in need of companionship.Host/hostess Waiter/waitress Preside v. –gt;presider Isolate ==separate==segregate Isolation=separation=segregation The range of functions or purposes of the media in society are8 many and varied, and the influence on our lives is considerable. The media influences how we spend our time and our money, what we get to see and hear about, and the way we understand those events. It helps to shape our beliefs, our opinions and our behaviors. Chinese government spent five years in preparing to host the O. G. China spent five years on this item. The government spent 5 billion building this bridge.Occasional==unplanned Regular==planned Devote †¦ to Contribute †¦ to Dedicate †¦ to We should devote, contribute and dedicate ourselves to our commitments. Commitment = responsibility and obligation Commercial==business=merchant What’s on commercial television? The content of commercial television tends to follow a pattern. Early morning programs consist of news, interviews, and occasional movie reviews. Mid-morning programs usually include more talk shows, with some exercise and re-run shows. The early afternoon is devoted to â€Å"soaps,† while late afternoon programming is mainly re-runs of old programs. There is evening news, and then from 8 p. m. to 11 p. m. is prime-time television with movies, situation comedies, and specials. There is usually late news followed by late-night talk shows, entertainment shows and movie re-runs. Scattered throughout the week are televised sporting events. The expansion/extension of television stations through public broadcast, satellite and cable means that there are now many stations that specialize in particular kinds of programs. ———————– A Refers to B A Stands for†¦B A Means†¦B A Is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦B A can be understood/viewed/seen/perceived/interpreted as B How to cite Mass Media Today, Papers

Introduction to Molecular Vaccinology

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Molecular Vaccinology. Answer: The vaccine developed against smallpox is vaccinia virus. Experiments were conducted with this replication competent virus and the results showed effectiveness. Therefore, with further development of Recombinant DNA Technology, recombinant vaccinia vaccines were generated that express the desired foreign genes (Monath, 2005). This vaccine system is developed to express recombinant proteins in mammalian cells. The major advantage offered by this expression system is "post-translational modification". (Giese, 2016) Studies showed that recombinant vaccinia system is also effective against diseases other than smallpox (Monath, 2015). Clinical trials include a use of recombinant vaccinia system in cancer, parasitic and viral diseases. The paper will discuss the details of expression of vaccinia vector vaccine.' In order to determine whether the gene has expressed in the cell or organism the gene that was incorporated in recombinant DNA is replaced with the reporter gene at the coding portion. Later the gene expression can be monitored by assessing the fluorescence or enzyme activity of the gene product. The DNA sequences present at the upstream of the coding region regulate the transcription of the reporter gene and drive its expression as shown in the figure 1. The recombinant DNA molecule is then introduced in the cell. Figure: 1 Gene expression using reporter gene (Source: Jang et al., 2014) A) In this example the coding sequence forproteinX is replaced by the coding sequence for protein Y. (B) Various fragments ofDNAcontaining candidate regulatory sequences are added in combinations. Therecombinant DNAmolecules are then tested forexpressionafter theirtransfectioninto a variety of different types of mammalian cells, (C). For experiments in eucaryotic cells, two commonly used reporter proteins are the enzymes -galactosidase(-gal)andgreen fluorescent protein Initially a vector for expression for influenza virus is constructed as discussed in the previous assignment. The vector was transformed to host E.coli that was grown in LB media containing ampicillin and chloramphenical. The cells were cultured upto O.D of 0.65 at 600 nm. 1 mM IPTG was added in the medium and protein expression was induced for the duration of six hours at the temperature of 30C. The cell lysate was centrifuged to obtain pellet fraction which will be used for performing SDS-PAGE (Jang et al., 2014). Protein bands were visualised by staining with coomassie brilliant blue as shown in figure 2. Figure: 2 Analysis of protein profiles via SDS-PAGE. (Source: Jang et al., 2014) The immunological studies conducted by Harrington et al., (2002) describe in details the immune response in mice to introduction with Recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVV). rVV were manufactured from the P13 clone of smallpox. rVV were introduced in the mice after infection with vaccinia virus that expresses the cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The rise in CTLs was analysed by staining cytokines before which it was stimulated with specific peptide. Mice were inoculated with different doses of VV to evaluate the antibody response. It was found by performing ELISA and Western blotting that there was the increase in antibody response specifically to gE and gB genes of VV. References Giese, M. (2016). Types of Recombinant Vaccines. InIntroduction to Molecular Vaccinology(pp. 199-232). Springer International Publishing. Harrington, L. E., van der Most, R., Whitton, J. L., Ahmed, R. (2002). Recombinant vaccinia virus-induced T-cell immunity: quantitation of the response to the virus vector and the foreign epitope.Journal of virology,76(7), 3329-3337. Jang, Y. H., Cho, S. H., Son, A., Lee, Y. H., Lee, J., Lee, K. H., Seong, B. L. (2014). High-yield soluble expression of recombinant influenza virus antigens from Escherichia coli and their potential uses in diagnosis.Journal of virological methods,196, 56-64. Monath, T. P. (2005). Yellow fever vaccine.Expert review of vaccines,4(4), 553-574. Monath, T. P., Seligman, S. J., Robertson, J. S., Guy, B., Hayes, E. B., Condit, R. C., ... Brighton Collaboration Viral Vector Vaccines Safety Working Group. (2015). Live virus vaccines based on a yellow fever vaccine backbone: standardized template with key considerations for a risk/benefit assessment.Vaccine,33(1), 62-72.